Logic - Features Of Argumentation Essays - Critical Thinking

Logic - Features Of Argumentation Features of Argumentation The logic of everyday argumentation should be based upon common data or information that is accepted by everyone. A warrant need to be used in order to relate the evidence that is presented in an argument to the claim that is being made. When creating an argument, one usually uses grounds that are well known by their peers of the same field of study. In this way, most arguments are specific to a certain area of study; however, information that is considered common knowledge is easily warranted in other fields of study besides philosophy. Once an argument is written, a very important warrant is distinguishable. The language that is used in the argument can be interpreted as grounds for the actual argument. The style that is used represent how strongly the author believes in the argument, and where their position is on the conclusion of the claim as well as playing an enormous part in convincing the reader to think further about the claim that is being presented. A claim is presented that give a possible conclusion to an argument and then evidence is presented that supports the claim. This is not enough for a, Complex academic argument, the author also has to create warrants that link the evidence to the claim being made. Often times a narrative can is used as a basic warrant. In this method the author gives details and describes events and situations that can establish a relationship between the grounds being made about the claim. A Complex Academic Argument, is based on a claim and the grounds that are made to support it. In previous papers I have used this technique in supporting my argument. The mistake that I made in the past was that I always to a pro or con position. A Complex Academic Argument, only gives the reader a single view on a subject, not an overall decision of pro or con. Bibliography none

A Brief Guide to Modernization Theory

A Brief Guide to Modernization Theory Modernization theory emerged in the 1950s as an explanation of how the industrial societies of North America and Western Europe developed. The theory argues that societies develop in fairly predictable stages through which they become increasingly complex. Development depends primarily on the importation of technology as well as a number of other political and social changes believed to come about as a result. Overview of Modernization Theory Social scientists, primarily of white European descent, formulated modernization theory during the mid-twentieth century. Reflecting on a few hundred years of history in North America and Western Europe, and taking a positive view of the changes observed during that time, they developed a theory that explains that modernization is a process that involves industrialization, urbanization, rationalization, bureaucracy, mass consumption, and the adoption of democracy. During this process, pre-modern or traditional societies evolve into the contemporary Western societies that we know today. Modernization theory holds that this process involves  increased availability and levels of formal schooling, and the development of mass media, both of which are thought to foster democratic political institutions. Through the process of modernization transportation and communication become increasingly sophisticated and accessible, populations become more urban and mobile, and the extended family declines in importance. Simultaneously, the importance of the individual in economic and social life increases and intensifies. Organizations become bureaucratic as the  division of labor  within society grows more complex, and as it is a process rooted in scientific and technological rationality,  religion declines in public life. Lastly, cash-driven markets take over as the primary mechanism through which goods and services are exchanged. As it is a theory conceptualized by Western social scientists, it is also one with a capitalist economy at its center. Cemented as valid within Western academia, modernization theory has long been used as a justification for implementing the same kinds of processes and structures in places all over the world that are considered under- or undeveloped as compared with Western societies. At its core are the assumptions that scientific progress, technological development and rationality, mobility, and economic growth are good things and are to be constantly aimed for. Critiques of Modernization Theory Modernization theory has had its critics from the start. Many scholars, often people of color and those from non-Western nations, have pointed out over the years that modernization theory fails to account for the way Western reliance on colonization, slave labor, and theft of land and resources provided the wealth and material resources necessary for the pace and scale of development in the West (see postcolonial theory for extensive discussions of this). It cannot be replicated in other places because of this, and it  should not  be replicated in this way. Others, like critical theorists including members of the Frankfurt School, have pointed out that Western modernization is premised on the extreme exploitation of workers within the capitalist system, and that the toll of modernization on social relations has been great, leading to widespread social alienation, a loss of community, and unhappiness. Still, others critique modernization theory for failing to account for the unsustainable nature of the project, in an environmental sense, and point out that pre-modern, traditional, and indigenous cultures typically had much more environmentally conscious and symbiotic relationships between people and the planet. Some point out that elements and values of traditional life need not be completely erased in order to achieve a modern society​ and point to Japan as an example.

How to Write a Business Report with Skill and Ease

How to Write a Business Report with Skill and Ease Dorothy Park once said, "I hate writing. I love having written." You might feel the same way, but unfortunately, you can't get one without doing the other. The pressure is even higher if you're writing a business report. The deadline is tight, facts and figures need to be found and checked, and everything has to fit into a format that helps your reader understand complex information easily. And, decisions will be made based on this business report. It's enough to make you scratch your head wondering where to start. Here is the secret: focus on planning thoroughly before you start writing. In our report writing course, we emphasize that 50% of the work of a business report focuses on planning. If you're not sure how to write a business report, follow these important steps and the process will be easier, faster, and more successful. Organize Your Thoughts Most business reports involve a combination of past developments, upcoming trends, and predictions and recommendations. But the information you present has to have a logical sequence that makes it easier for readers to follow. A typical business report starts with a main theme, followed by a series of insights to support it, and ends with a conclusion. Many reports will also include an executive summary, a series of recommendations or next steps, and maybe a list of key takeaways and highlights. The best way to start your report is to outline or concept map how you want to present the information. If you already know the theme, gather the facts that supports it and list it in order of importance, and tier supporting information. Or maybe you have the information you need, but don't know how to assemble it. In either case, people who know how to write a business report know that organization is the first step to writing. Do Your Research Business Writers who already have much knowledge or data are lucky - they've shortened their research time considerably. But, most writers are responsible for finding their own facts and analyzing them. In a business report, never start with an assumption. A business report needs to be based entirely upon the facts, findings and data - not a preconceived expectation or recommendation. Research always drives findings. The more sources to choose from, the better. Company documents can provide information about corporate activities, while industry research is a great source for information on the trends and challenges expected to impact your company and its competitors. Online publications and other sources can provide insight on how certain world events will impact the business climate. The more information you have, the easier it is to create a narrative for your business report. Don't forget to cite your sources; readers want to know where this important data came from and it lends credibility to your work. Use Clear, Simple Language Those who know how to write a business report know that the best explanation is a clear and simple one. Beginning writers tend to use jargon, long words, and complex sentences to make their point. In the end, their readers get bored, and their point gets lost. Your goal is to explain the business climate and opportunity, not win a poetry contest. Business writing is about presenting straightforward facts, so use straightforward language: Use simple words and phrases. If readers have to use a thesaurus to understand you, they won't keep reading. Avoid jargon from your company. Not everyone is an insider, but they still need to understand your concepts. Break up your text into smaller sentences and paragraphs. Frequent pauses keep readers interested. Use headers and subheaders to organize the text by main ideas. The outline or concept map you created in Step 1 is a good starting point. It's okay if you don't yet know how to write a business report - everyone has to start somewhere. But before you start, take time to think about what you want to say and find a clear, organized way to say it. If business report writing is a job requirement, consider a business report writing course.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 14

International Business - Essay Example As the jobs of the first world make their way to the developing regions of the third world, the forces of globalization have had many unintended consequences. The loss of manufacturing jobs in the countries of the world and their movement to the lower paying developing â€Å"third world† has restructured the world economy. This brief assignment will explore the globalization phenomenon with an eye to outsourcing and the changes dynamics of the global economic community. Asking the question, what is protectionism and in which way does it affects International Business in the current economic crisis, we will analyze protectionism as the result of outsourcing. This analysis will utilize a case analysis and explore two countries which have embraced free trade and economic growth as a haven for outsourcing. China represents a unique blend of authoritarianism and capitalism leading to sustained and pronounced economic growth in one of the largest – and growing - economies in the world. Mexico represents a controversial source for many American jobs. In addition to a cross-comparative analysis of these outsourcing â€Å"source† countries, we will address criticisms of the globalization phenomenon including the rise of protectionism as a response to the flight of jobs overseas (Lee 1996; Bhagwati 2008). Globalization, as it exists today, rests largely on the shoulders of neoliberal economics and the global entrenchment of capitalism as the dominant economic system in the world. Neo-liberalism, the belief in laissez-faire economics, was best articulated by Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States in the 1980s. Outsourcing is an integral component of the globalization phenomenon and a key aspect of the global division of labour. Thomas Friedman, in his immensely popular book The World is Flat (2005), describes outsourcing as an integral component of the worldwide spread of capitalism and the global division of

Environment impact and health risk assessment Essay

Environment impact and health risk assessment - Essay Example The problem of air pollution has increased rapidly since the onset of the industrial revolution. Factories, trains, automobiles, and planes produce tons of emissions that damage both the environment and effect the health of the general population. There is little doubt that the environment has been effected by the corrosive nature of air pollution, for example recent studies have shown that holes in the ozone layer has occurred over the Antarctic and Arctic. The effect on health is even more dramatic. The 1952 London killer smog made headlines throughout the globe. It was estimated that air pollution caused about 4,000 deaths. Carbon monoxide emissions cause apathy, fatigue, headache, disorientation and decreased muscular coordination and visual acuity. Research is underway to assess the long-term effects of chronic exposure to low levels of air pollution most people are exposed to, especially in developed countries. There may well be a link between air pollution and cancer, birth de fects, and genetic mutations. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia â€Å"Air Pollution: Effects† Acid Rain Acid rain (and snow) impacts the environment is several ways including water, land, infrastructure and forest ecology. In lakes and rivers, acidic precipitation lowers the ph level affecting fish and other aquatic life. It also facilitates the erosion of rocks and increases metal, mostly lead in the water. People who walk in and swim in water with a relatively low ph generally suffer no ill effects. Similar to water, acid precipitation lowers the ph in soil. Some plants and crops are adversely affected by a low ph. In addition soil nutrients can leach out of the topsoil and into the groundwater and eventually into the water table. In the United States acid rain occurs virtually everywhere and is especially prevalent in industrial areas. The infrastructure is also affected by acid rain. Recently in the U. S. there have been numerous bridge and highway failures. One of the main causes is corrosion. Acid rain is a major contributor to this phenomenon. Structures of cement, limestone and marble are also susceptible to weathering enhanced by acid precipitation. Acid rain damages trees especially at high elevations. Wildlife is affected negatively. Answers.com â€Å"how does acid† There are also negative effects on human health. The pollutants that cause acid rain are the culprits. Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides cause a myriad of health problems in humans (and animals). The sulfate and nitrate particles are inhaled and can cause lung inflammation, asthma and emphysema. Fortunately the Acid Rain Program is working toward reducing acid rain and lowering the mortality rate and hospital visits due to this pollution. EPA Home â€Å"Effects of Acid Rain† Global Warming Some people question whether there actually is global warming. It is my opinion that there definitely is. If nothing is done to stop this trend the results will be devastating an d probably irreversible. Even the skeptics cannot argue that ice is melting at the poles. Continued melting will cause an increase in the sea level. There will be other unpleasant consequences. The melting arctic tundra may be causing an increase in methane levels in the atmosphere. A mysterious spike in the methane level in the atmosphere was measured in 2007. Have you noticed the increase in severe storms? I have. Effects of Global Warming â€Å"Global Warming Effects†

Elementary school Essay Example for Free

Elementary school Essay As the end of the semester approaches, there are lots of experiences and learning that I would like to share during my internship at Paul Revere Elementary school. Just like in any experiences there are good things and bad things all at the same time. These experiences made my stay at Paul Revere Elementary school worth spending. Setting goals is something very important because this makes a person knowledgeable of his/her purpose. Even before going into my internship there are different goals that I would like to attain in my stay at Paul Revere Elementary school. Now that I am approaching the end, I believe that I am able to attain the goals that I established even before I entered my internship. It is also during my stay at Paul Revere Elementary school that I learned lots of things. During my stay there are things that I know that I would learn. One of this would be the importance of education to people especially to young students. My stay at Paul Revere Elementary school made me more aware of how important education is. There are also some things that I did not expect to learn at this school and this is how different students have different needs that teachers needs to consider. This is a very important factor consider in education and learning how to cater to these different needs is something that Paul Revere taught me. Because of these experiences, I believe it strengthened my career choice rather than question it. These experiences are enough proof to show how much I value now being a teacher. Being able to shape young minds is a very rewarding experience and I will never exchange this experience for anything else.

Molybdenum :: Chemistry Essay

Molybdenum is a transition metal. It is represented by the symbol Mo. It is a pure metal that is is silverish white in color and very hard, and has one of the highest melting points of all pure elements at 4753  °F. Its boiling point is 8382  °F. Its density is 10280 kg/m3 and its hardness is 5.5. It has a molar volume of 9.38 Ãâ€"10-6 m3/mol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Molybdenum has an atomic weight of 95.94 amu. Its atomic number is 42. The atomic radius is 145 pm and the covalent radius is 145 pm also. Its electron configuration is [Kr]4d^5 5s^1. It is a strong acid. Its crystal structure is body centered cubic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over 2/3 of all molybdenum is used in alloys. Molybdenum use increased a lot during World War I, when demand for tungsten made tungsten rare, and strong steels were at expensive. Molybdenum is used in aircraft and missile parts, and in filaments. Molybdenum acts as a catalyst in the petroleum industry for removing organic sulfurs from petroleum products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Molybdenum is not found in nature, and the compounds that can be found were, until the late 1700s confused with other elements, such as carbon and lead. In 1778 Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that molybdenum was separate from graphite and lead, and was able to isolate the oxide of the metal from molybdenite. Molybdenum was rarely used and stayed in the laboratory until the late 19th century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plants and animals generally have molybdenum, present in very small amounts.

Mission & Vision Essay

Statement is a brief description of the higher goals of an organization. It’s purpose is to improve the cohesion and coherence of an organization. Examples: 1) Wal-Mart Stores: To help people save money so they can live better. 2) Metro: To bring together people and products in all corners of the globe. 3) Tesco: To create value for our customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. 4) Gazprom: To ensure an efficient and balanced gas supply to consumers in the Russian Federation and full l its long-term contracts on gas export at a high level of reliability. 5) EDF: To bring sustainable energy solutions home to everyone. 6) Daimler: To produce cars and trucks that people will want to buy, will enjoy driving and will want to buy again. 7) Honda: To seek technology that helps realize true peace and hapiness on earth. 8) Google: To organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. Vision A Vision Statement outlines what the organization wants to be, or how it wants the world in which it operates to be. It concentrates on the future. Examples: 1. Wal-Mart Stores: To become the worldwide leader in retailing. 2. Metro: To innovate through cooperation. 3. Sony: To have the world look to Sony for comprehensive entertainment. 4. Samsung: To lead the digital convergence movement. 5. BMW: To be the most successful premium manufacturer in the industry. 6. IBM: To be first-and-foremost on any new enterprise data centre migration shortlist. 7. Deutsche Post: To remain Die Post fur Deutschland as well as the logistics company for the world. 8. Starbucks: To inspire and nurture the human spirit {one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time. 9. Nike: To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. If you have a body, you are an athlete.

Grolier International Dictionary

As defined by the Grolier International Dictionary, Weaknesses is the state or quality of being weak; it is a personal defect or failing. When one encounters an opportunity and weaknesses penetrate him in same time, he shouldn’t choose any other way but to manage do overcome or minimize it. One of the weaknesses I think most people do possess while he’s on his way of achieving his goal, which also should be controlled of is ‘being so self-centered’. This makes a person so sure of himself not thinking of the consequences his actions might cause.Too much proud of one’s self may bring him forget the others by whom he gets his strength from. He’ll attempt to throw away the reliable assets on his crap because he thinks that he is above all and doesn’t need help to anyone else. This could also make him so focused on looking ahead; embracing the forward successes he might get in with his strength, capability, and knowledge. But forgetting from whom, where, what he has been back in his life could also lead to something which is hard to avoid from, too hurtful when it strikes on, the karma.Another weakness is to be ‘hesitant’, afraid to gamble in reaching for his goal. This could be another threat in one’s ambition of success for he can be under perspective in carrying out his plans. While he lacks his confidence to continue improving himself and work, he may likewise lose track of his point of view. On the other hand, if there could be one weakness which is somehow helpful to one’s career, by balancing and setting off the whole situation for the moment. Resisting the desire of winning a certain race may cause a person to self-pity and lose his hope.By putting his heart, to be ‘irresistible’ in a better way , controlling as well as weighing every technique to be accurately performed are the thumbs-up characters a venturer should possess while attaining his aim or goal. When a person learns to practice ‘patience’ and fight for his belief, principle, and stand, he could kill the time from ticking so fast and focus on the better outcome of his objective. Since he got an effective and strategic planning technique, the SWOT Analysis is a great help to one’s own success.

The eNotes Blog Rewriting Shakespeare

Rewriting Shakespeare In yet more news of Shakespearean retellings, Random House is now set to publish a series of the Bards plays rewritten as prose. The RH imprint Hogarth has commissioned authors Anne Tyler and Jeanette Winterson as the first to release novels in the forthcoming Hogarth Shakespeare Project. The two will be rewriting The  Taming of the Shrew and The Winters Tale respectively. These are set for release in 2016 (alas, still far away), exactly 400 years after the Bards death. Hogarth explains that these new releases are intended to be true to the spirit of the original dramas and their popular appeal, while giving authors an exciting opportunity to reinvent these seminal works of English literature. And from the sounds of it, the writers cant wait to get their hands on these texts Tyler, who has previously won the Pulitzer prize for her novel Breathing Lessons, says,  I don’t know which I’m looking forward to more: ‘Delving into the mysteries of shrewish Kate or finding out what all the other writers do with their Shakespeare characters.’ Her counterpart, meanwhile, feels a special draw to The Winters Tale: All of us have talismanic texts that we have carried around and that carry us around. I have worked with The Winter’s Tale in many disguises for many years. This is a brilliant opportunity to work with it in its own right. Winterston has written both novels and BAFTA award winning scripts. Excitement about a new imagining of Shakespeares works aside, what are your thoughts on how the new prose form will change the way we think of Shakespeares tales? Will the inevitable loss of his poetic language leave readers wanting? Or will we find a fresh new way to appreciate these stories? If you were to rewrite one of Shakespeares works in this way, what would you choose and where would you take it?

How to Write a Lab Report - Steps and Template

How to Write a Lab Report - Steps and Template Lab reports are an essential part of all laboratory courses and usually a significant part of your grade. If your instructor gives you an outline for how to write a lab report, use that. Some instructors require the lab report be included in a lab notebook, while others will request a separate report. Heres a format for a lab report you can use if you arent sure what to write or need an explanation of what to include in the different parts of the report. Lab Report A lab report is how you explain what you did in ​your  experiment, what you learned, and what the results meant. Lab Report Essentials Title Page Not all lab reports have title pages, but if your instructor wants one, it would be a single page that states:​ The title of the experiment.Your name and the names of any lab partners.Your instructors name.The date the lab was performed or the date the report was submitted. Title The title says what you did. It should be brief (aim for ten words or less) and describe the main point of the experiment or investigation. An example of a title would be: Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Borax Crystal Growth Rate. If you can, begin your title using a keyword rather than an article like The or A. Introduction / Purpose Usually, the introduction is one paragraph that explains the objectives or purpose of the lab. In one sentence, state the hypothesis. Sometimes an introduction may contain background information, briefly summarize how the experiment was performed, state the findings of the experiment, and list the conclusions of the investigation. Even if you dont write a whole introduction, you need to state the purpose of the experiment, or why you did it. This would be where you state your hypothesis. Materials List everything needed to complete your experiment. Methods Describe the steps you completed during your investigation. This is your procedure. Be sufficiently detailed that anyone could read this section and duplicate your experiment. Write it as if you were giving direction for someone else to do the lab. It may be helpful to provide a figure to diagram your experimental setup. Data Numerical data obtained from your procedure usually is presented as a table. Data encompasses what you recorded when you conducted the experiment. Its just the facts, not any interpretation of what they mean. Results Describe in words what the data means. Sometimes the Results section is combined with the Discussion (Results Discussion). Discussion or Analysis The Data section contains numbers. The Analysis section contains any calculations you made based on those numbers. This is where you interpret the data and determine whether or not a hypothesis was accepted. This is also where you would discuss any mistakes you might have made while conducting the investigation. You may wish to describe ways the study might have been improved. Conclusions Most of the time the conclusion is a single paragraph that sums up what happened in the experiment, whether your hypothesis was accepted or rejected, and what this means. Figures and Graphs Graphs and figures must both be labeled with a descriptive title. Label the axes on a graph, being sure to include units of measurement. The independent variable is on the X-axis. The dependent variable (the one you are measuring) is on the Y-axis. Be sure to refer to figures and graphs in the text of your report. The first figure is Figure 1, the second figure is Figure 2, etc. References If your research was based on someone elses work or if you cited facts that require documentation, then you should list these references.

Propaganda methods that Bush uses in his speech on Iraqi threat and Research Paper

Propaganda methods that Bush uses in his speech on Iraqi threat and fact checking his speech - Research Paper Example Convincing people is an art and convincing people regarding a series of lies is mastery. A base that the mass consider as neutral is of utmost importance before the process of convincing a mass through a general address gets started. Besides, highlighting the negative points of the opponent acts as a positive catalyst that slowly but surely moulds the crowd in favour of the speaker. This action was followed by Hitler as a justification of the Second Great War and echoed in his vein vaunt regarding the superiority of German race over others. The Junior Bush taking the cue from the leaders who initiated war on the false ground, created a background to attack Iraq that eventually erupted like a volcano on Iraqi people and proved once again that war mostly happens owing to economic reasons rather than due to security ground. President Bush emerged as a great craftsman with his words in his speech that he delivered on Iraq in Cincinnati, Ohio. An air of fellow feeling spread quickly around the hall when he addressed the present audience as â€Å"Thank you all. Thank you for that very gracious and warm Cincinnati welcome. I’m honoured to be here tonight; I appreciate you all coming† (Bush). Without any further back ground Mr. Bush moved directly to the grave danger that is looming large on the world peace and generating from the old enemy of America and thus the rest of the peace loving world. Whoever can it be other than Iraq? He moves on to state the time frame of violation that Iraq has been indulged in following the first gulf war. Whether it is biological weapon or nuclear weapon; Iraq has vested least faith on the maintenance of the 11 years old treaty. Bush also harped the 9/11 disaster and once again disclose the vulnerable situation of the Americans from attacks generating from the M iddle East. His main point of attack was the Iraqi President Saddam Hussein whom Bush thinks to be disarmed with utmost importance. The